A program juxtaposing two first symphonies has to
invite comparison. When those first symphonies are those of Ludwig van
Beethoven and Gustav Mahler, arguably at either end of the nineteenth century German Romantic tradition, then that comparison must include considerations of
what happened to the style, if indeed it ever existed as an identifiable entity.
The orchestra, La Scala, Milan under its conductor Riccardo
Chailly, has a tradition with Mahler symphonies, and this is very much the
tradition of its conductor. Ricardo Chailly, the program noted, has over 150
recordings to his name and he also has recorded a complete Mahler symphony
cycle with the Leipzig Gewandhaus. ADDA’s audience thus expected a lot from the
evening. There was no disappointment.
Beethoven’s First Symphony
was premiered in 1800. Stylistically, it is rooted in the tradition that Haydn and
Mozart had created in the previous century, but from its opening, Beethoven’s first is different. While we now label the earlier era
as classical, Beethoven’s first
surely heralded the era of Romanticism, where the expression of individual
emotions rather than structural integrity was to be the focus of artistic
intentions.
The structure is there from the previous classical
era. Sonata form is evident in the first movement and elsewhere. The fast,
slow, minuet and finale format is preserved, but the principal keys, which
still dominate the work, arrive more by suggestion than by statement and the
minuet is barely danceable because its character is that of the modern scherzo.
The very word implies a musical joke, perhaps a piece of trivia included to
express personal feelings and reflections.
This is thus a work that represents a revolution of
symphonic thinking, but this revolution was not a break with the past, more its
extension and amplification into new territory. And though Beethoven’s orchestra was large for its era, it still comprised
only double winds and no trombones or tuba. What characterizes the music,
however, as so often in Beethoven, is the possibility that the inspiration came
from the composer’s memory of dance tunes and popular music, reworked and
remodelled into “serious” form.
And so to the link. At the end of that nineteenth
century, Gustav Mahler announced another stylistic revolution with his first
symphony, whose most noticeable difference from the Beethoven was immediately
the size of the orchestra employed. There are four movements again. But now the
movements pay only lip service to the formal structures of sonata form, which,
like Beethoven’s introduction of the tonic, is via suggestion rather than
statement. The placing of the slow movement third rather than second began with
Beethoven, so this was nothing new.
But what Mahler did that was revolutionary was to
incorporate folk-like melodies into the symphonic argument and render that
argument largely textural. Here, the composer seems to want to explore the
range of sonorities that these large forces could generate. But despite the
composer’s reputation for deploying large forces, these sonorities are only
rarely loud or brash. These contrasts are textural and coloristic, clearly intended
to convey to the listener the quality of an experience, rather than its narrative.
A contemporary listener can only imagine what an
audience in central Europe made of a slow movement that juxtaposed a funeral
march based on a French children’s song
with passages that derived from Jewish Klezmer dance music.
Perhaps the finale is a little too meandering and
perhaps its triumphal end is overblown. But who cares? And this
performance, under the watchful eye of Ricardo Chailly, was wonderfully
detailed. Here we heard all the sonorities and all the dynamic changes in
intricate and vivid detail. Everything seemed to make sense, even those
passages where the composer seemed to delight in the tangential. The use of rubato
was obvious, but never overdone. Everything made musical sense to the extent
that during the first movement this listener heard the progress as a walk through
scenic countryside! It is a work I have heard many times before but with
Riccardo Chailly’s vision and supremely masterful reading, I now can’t wait for
the next performance.
And what about the comparison, Beethoven to Mahler,
mentioned at the start? Beethoven arguably invented the individual’s experiential
centrality in the symphony. No longer was the form a rigid frame that had to
contain certain elements. In his first symphony, Beethoven had not yet fully
divested himself of the need to conform, but the innovations he introduced were
well developed in Mahler’s time. By the end of that nineteenth century, the
individual’s emotions and feelings had become the point of the exercise, not
mere suggestion and in Mahler’s first, we meet the composer, not the structure.
In fact, the whim of the composer’s intention was about to prompt others,
following the current extension of harmonic complexity, to call again for the
imposition of structure. There was a tradition, but perhaps by the century’s
end, there was nowhere else for the style to go. And, if we were to accept popular
tunes into the symphony, why not make folk culture central to the argument? A
new era dawned.